What is Ketamine

Ketamine is an anesthetic and although it has been approved for use with both animals and humans, its predominant legitimate use is as a veterinary anesthetic, commonly used on larger animals.  However, like many similar drugs, it is abused for its hallucinogenic properties, and in the 1980s it began to be used recreationally as an intoxicant.
Ketamine is also known on the street as K, Special K, Vitamin K, Kit Kat, Keller, Super Acid, Super C, and Cat Valium.   

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Keep in mind, that street Ketamine usually originates from legitimate pharmaceutical supplies that have been illegally diverted to the black-market and, therefore, the question of purity and actual chemical contents is not as much of a concern as it is with other street drugs such as Ecstasy.  However, non-medical users often comment that they notice varying effects from different batches of street Ketamine.  Although set and setting can have a dramatic influence on one’s subjective experience with any psychoactive, there may be other reasons why some users feel one bag of Ketamine may differ from the next.

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Brief History

Ketamine was first developed by Dr. Calvin Stevens of Wayne State University.  In1962 it was then re-developed by Parke-Davis as part of an effort to find a safer anesthetic alternative to Phencyclidine (PCP), which was more likely to cause hallucinations neurotoxicity, as well as seizures. The drug was first given to American soldiers during the Vietnam War and it is still widely used in humans. However, there is some evidence that Ketamine has the potential to cause emergence phenomena because of the drug’s possible psychotomimetic effects.  It is also used widely in veterinary medicine or as a battlefield anesthetic in developing nations. 
Ketamine gained popularity in 1965 as a psychedelic, due to its side effects.  The drug was used in psychiatric and other academic research through the 1970s, culminating in 1978 with the publishing of John Lilly’s “The Scientist” and Marcia Moore and Howard Alltounian’s “Journeys into the Bright World,” which documented the unusual phenomenology of Ketamine intoxication.
The incidence of recreational Ketamine use increased through the end of the century, especially in the context of raves and other parties.  The increase in illicit use prompted Ketamine to gain placement in Schedule 111 of the United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999, and on January 1, 2006 it became outlawed and labeled a Class C drug in England.  And soon to follow, in 2000, Ketamine became regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.  It can be used legally by health professionals, for university research purposes, or with a physician’s prescription.

How is it Abused

Abuse of Ketamine gained popularity when it was discovered that it produced effects similar to those associated with PCP (Phencyclidine), better known as “angel dust”.  Because of its anesthetic properties, ketamine also reportedly has been used by sexual predators to incapacitate their intended victims.  Ketamine has also been labeled, “the date rape drug”, and this has become a very serious problem.
Marketed as a dissociative general anesthetic for human and veterinary use, the only known source of ketamine is via diversion of pharmaceutical products. Recent press reports indicate that a significant number of veterinary clinics are being robbed specifically for their ketamine stock. DEA reporting indicates that a major source of ketamine in the United States is product diverted from pharmacies in Mexico.
What Does It Look Like?
Ketamine generally is sold as either a colorless, odorless liquid or as a white or off-white powder.   The powder is made by drying the liquid. In either powder or liquid form, Ketamine is mixed with a beverage or added to marijuana or tobacco, and hence, smoked.  As a powder Ketamine is snorted or pressed into tablets, often in combination with other drugs such as 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, also known as Ecstasy). As a liquid, Ketamine is injected, and often injected intramuscularly.   Whether smoked or snorted, the effects begin to take place in a few minutes and usually lasts less than an hour.  Prices average $20 to $25 per dosage unit.

Who Uses It

Unfortunately, teenagers and young adults represent the majority of Ketamine users.    According to the Drug Abuse Warning Network, individuals aged 12 to 25 accounted for 74 percent of the Ketamine emergency department mentions in the United States in 2000.  We are particularly concerned about school students, because nearly 3 percent of high school seniors in the United States used Ketamine as least once in the past year or so, according to a recent study conducted by the University of Michigan’s Monitoring the Future Survey.
The reason Ketamine is so popular, is that because in large doses it produces) effects in humans similar to phencyclidine (PCP), such s dream-like dissociative state and hallucinations.  It has a number of contradictory effects, including stimulant, sedative, anesthetic, and hallucinogenic properties.  Users have described feeling like they are drunk, stoned, and tripping all at once.

Risk Factors

Unfortunately there are many risks involved with taking Ketamine, as with many similar drugs.  Ketamine blocks the neurotransmitter glutamate at one of its receptors, causing the users to have distorted perceptions of sight and sound and to feel disconnected and out of control.  Ketamine also can impair an individual’s senses, judgment and coordination, which may last for up to 24 hours, even though Ketamine’s hallucinogenic effects usually last for only 45 to 90 minutes.
As a result of this, it impairs a person’s ability to drive and can can cause violent paranoia, agitation, or confusion.  Ketamine can also put uses in a state called a “K-hole” where they become unable to move or communicate and feel very far away from their body.  Oddly enough, some users seek this state, which they consider to simulate a near-death experience, while others find it frightening and disturbing. 
 
If that is not enough, the use of Ketamine has been associated with serious problems, both mental and physical, whereas Ketamine may cause depression, delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, high blood pressure, and potentially fatal respiratory problems.
In addition to the risks associated with Ketamine itself, individuals who use the drug may put themselves at risk of sexual assault.  Sexual predators reportedly have used Ketamine to incapacitate their intended victims, either by lacing unsuspecting victims’ drinks with the drug or by offering Ketamine to victims who consume the drug without understanding the effects it will produce.
Hopefully, this information will help you to make an informed decision before embarking on the use of Ketamine!

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